Clearing areas of mines and other UXOs, cleaning up soil and groundwater contaminated by hazardous wastes, and cleaning up debris from demolished buildings and other structures can generate a large volume of many different types of wastes, both hazardous and non-hazardous, as well as both recyclable or reusable and not. Anticipating the types and volumes of waste that need to be collected, transported, stored, treated, or disposed of, it is critical to plan the facilities and technologies that will be needed. Planning will be more cost-effective. Annexes A and B below present two examples of planning methodologies for developing facilities for managing different types of waste, whether complex mixes of debris in the case of Annex A or specific hazardous wastes in the case of Annex B.

• Complete demining first, so all other land cleanup and waste management can be conducted safely. Demine newly liberated areas first that have limited usable land not riddled with hazardous devices. Within areas newly liberated, use the criteria, methods, and processes established by the community to prioritize land uses and economic sectors for cleanup.

• Coordinate, to the extent technically and financially feasible, the collection, transport, and disposal operations, and associated facility site selection and design, for UXOs, hazardous waste, radioactive wastes, and demolition and construction debris. Look for opportunities to develop integrated waste management facilities that achieve economies of scale by grouping waste treatment technologies and having the capacity to manage larger volumes of each waste type generated by a broader region, thus reducing the land needed, optimizing facility infrastructure, limiting the cost and time of permitting and approvals, etc.

• Ensure that land decontamination and waste management facility development: (a) reflect land suitability opportunities and constraints; (b) minimize, mitigate, offset, or compensate for environmental and social impacts; (c) use best practices regarding sustainability, resilience, and decarbonization.

• Incorporate innovative approaches to achieving environmental sustainability in waste management facility development, e.g., renewable energy-powered facilities and microgrids, smart interim worker housing areas, and alternative/circular building techniques.

• Actively incentivize displaced peoples to return home by offering job opportunities in land cleanup and waste management, using workforce housing and job training as incentives.

• Integrate land cleanup and waste management planning with multiple and concurrent proposed reconstruction plans, including housing and transport at the local, regional, and national levels. Address possible complexities and conflicts between emergency land cleanup and waste management response on the one hand versus the need for long-term planning solutions which would be based on stakeholder and public input. Consider how these factors may vary in wartime vs. post-war periods and in conflict areas vs. non-conflict areas.